Long-term abuse of cocaine induces compensatory changes in numerous genes associated with brain function. These compensatory changes lead to the appearance of the classic series of withdrawal symptoms ...

Chronic cocaine use can induce cocaine-related cerebropathy, particularly in patients with increased risk for neurodegenerative processes. Chronic cocaine use is associated with an increased risk for ...

It’s not only people addicted to alcohol or drugs who experience significant withdrawal symptoms if they stop using. Antidepressant (AD) withdrawal symptoms are also common, can be severe and ...

The substances abused must be determined early in treatment, because there are substantial differences in severe complications and in the management of withdrawal from alcohol and sedatives, opiates, ...