Adolescence represents a critical neurodevelopmental period of high vulnerability to the onset of psychiatric conditions. Altered processing of uncertain reward outcomes likely contributes to this ...

Traditional decision-making models conceptualize humans as adaptive learners utilizing the differences between expected and actual rewards (prediction errors, PEs) to maximize outcomes, but rarely ...

A new study is challenging one of neuroscience’s most enduring ideas: that the brain’s reward system exists to make us feel good. Instead, researchers argue that it is built to optimize energy.

Your autonomic nervous system helps regulate emotional balance, but chronic stress or trauma can trigger an overactive fight-or-flight response. Nervous system dysregulation refers to a condition in ...

A closer look at what happens in the body when stress builds up faster than it can be recovered from, and why that matters for your health. Your nervous system is constantly working behind the scenes ...

Each part of the nervous system uses internal checks and balances to regulate its activity, responding to various factors like mood, health status, and the external environment.¹ These regulatory ...