In 12-step meetings, it is often said that someone was an addict before he or she “put in.” According to this view, putting a drug, whether alcohol or any other addictive substance, into our bodies in ...

Addiction is one of the most intensely studied conditions in modern medicine, yet even with high‑resolution brain scans and genetic tools, scientists still cannot fully explain why some people get ...

1) https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/1036/alternative-models-of-addiction#articles – This is a link to a collection of 19 articles published in Frontiers ...